FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES_Class10 Social_Science

Example 1: State one reason for the diverse flora and fauna of the plant under threat.
Solution: Insensitivity to our environment

Example 2: Name two plants which  belong to the critical category.
Solution: (a) Madhuca insignis
(b) Habbardia heptaneuron

Example 3: Name the fastest land mammal that has become extinct.
Solution: Asiatic Cheetah

Example 4: What are real species?
Solution: Rare species are the species with small population, who may move into dndengered or valunerable category, if negative factor affecting them continue to operate. e.g. Himalyan Brown Bear.

Example 5: What are extinct species?
Solutions The species that are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur are known as extinct species.

Example 6: Name one species of animal which is considered extinct.
Solution: Pink-headed duck is considered an extinct species.

Example 7: Why is the Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal threatened?
Solution: It is threatened by the dolornite mining.

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Example 8: What medicinal plant used to treat some types of cancer?
Solution: Himalayan Yew.

Example 9: Why was Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act implemented?
Solution: Indian Wildlife (Protection)Act 1972 was implemented mainly to protect habitats.

Example 10: Name two animals which have been given full or partial protection against hunting and trade throughout India.
Solution: The animals are blackbuck (chinkara), great Indian bustard (godawan), Indian elephant and Indianlion.

Example 11: Name the state which has the largest area under the category of reserved and protected forests.
Solution: Madhya Pradesh

Example 12: To which category do the forests in north-eastern states belong?
Solution: The forests in north – eastern states belong to the unclassed category. These are managed by
local communities

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Example 13: Which state of India passed the first resolution for Joint Forest Management?
Solution: Odisha.

Example 14: In which area is the Beej Bachao Andolatt famous in India?
Solution: Tehri region.

Example 15: Mention the tree which is worshipped by the Mundas of Chhota Nagpur region.
Solution: The Mundas of Chhota Nagpur region worship the Mahua tree.

Example 16: What was the aim of the Chipko Movement?
Solution: The aim of the Chipko movement in the Himalayas was to resist deforestation.

ASSIGNMENT – 1  (NCERT QUESTIONS)

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCESFOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Q.3 What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
Ans. Biodiversity or Biological Diversity means inherited variation within species, the variety of species in an area, and the variety of living organisms. It is an interconnected web in which every organisms has a role. Various organisms play different roles of producers, consumers and decomposers. it is on these roles that oher organisms, including humans, depend for their existence.
Humans along with the other living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which they are only a part and very much dependent on this system for their existance. For example, the plants, animals and other micro-organismsre-create the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food. Forests also play a key role in the ecological system as they are the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.Shorten with AI

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Q.4 How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Ans. Causes of Depletion of Flora and Fauma :
(i) Expansion of the commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities. During the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities Indian forests depleted to an extent.
(ii) Agricultural Expansion. Even after Independence, agricultural expansion continues to be one of the major causes of depletion of forests resources. Between 1951 and 1980 over 26,200 sq. km. of forest area was converted into agricultural land especiallyin the northeastern and central
India for shifting cultivation (jhum) and a type of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
(iii) Enrichment Plantation was a plantation in which a single commercially valuable species was widely planted and other species reduced.
(iv) Development Projects. Large–scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the loss of forests. Projects still in continuation like the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh have swallowed up 40,000 hectares of forests.
(v) Mining. Miningisanother important factor behind deforestation. The Buxa tiger Reserve in West Bengal is threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others including the great Indian elephant.
(vi) UnequalAccess toResources.The wealthiest 5% of Indian society cause more ecological damage because of the amount they consume than the poorest 25 percent and shares minimum responsibilities for evironmental well-being.
(vii) Habitat destruction. Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisoning and forest fires are factors, which have led to the decline in India’sbiodiversity.Shorten with AI

Q.5 Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India.
Ans. Forests in India are home to a number of communities. These communities have a complex relationship with the flora and fauna around them.In some areas of India, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials.
(a) In Sariska tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
(b) In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and openly rejecting government involvement. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwer district of Rajasthan have declared 1,2000 hectares of forest as the ‘Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri’, declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.Shorten with AI

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

(c) Nature worship is an oldage tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned. Even trees are preserved in name of worship. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chhota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered sacred.
(d) Troops of macaques and langurs are found around several tamples. They are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them.
(e) The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas and Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme offer good examples for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. (Any four).Shorten with AI

Q.6 Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
Ans. (a) The famousChipkoMovementintheHimalayas has successfully resisted deforestation in several areas. It has also shown that community afforesation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.
(b) Attempts have been made to revive the traditional conservation methods. At the same time new methods of ecological farming have also been developed. Farmers and citizen’s groups like the ‘Beej Bachao Andolan’in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use if synthetic chemicals are possible as well economically variable.
(c) In our country Joint Forest Management (JFM)  programme offers a nice example for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection acticities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return the members of these communities are given the right to intermediary benefits such as non-timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by ‘successful protection’.Shorten with AI

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

ASSIGNMENT – 2  (SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

Q.1 What is the Himalayan yew? Why is it under great threat?
Ans. The Himalayan yew (Taxus wallachiana) is a medicinal plant. A chemical compound called ‘taxol’ is extracted from the bark, needles, twigs and roots of this tree, and it has been successfully used to treat some cancers. The drug is now the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world. This species is under great threat due to its over-exploitation. In the last one decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.

Q.2 Write a short note on the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 and its objectives.
Ans. The Government of India enacted Wildlife Protection Act in 1972 with the objective to control poaching and illegal trade in wildlife. The Act provides for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife. Subsequently, central and many state government estabilished national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. The central government also announced several projects for protecting specific animals, which were seriously threatened including the tiger, the one-horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, crocodile, the Asiatic lion and others.

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Q.3 How far were the colonial forest policies responsible for the depletion of forest resources in India?
Ans. During the colonial period in India a few favoured species were promoted. In this, a single commercially valuable species was extensively planted and other species eliminated. For example, promotion of teak plantation damaged the natural forest in South India and Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) plantations in the Himalayas replaced the Himalyan oak (Quercius spp.) and Rhododendron forests. Thus, the colonial forest policies were very much responsible for the depletion of forest resources in the country.

Q.4 ‘India’s environment is at great risk’. Justify this statement.
Ans. Over half of India’s natural forests are gone, one-third of its wetlands drained out, 70% of its surface water bodies polluted and 40% of its mangroves eliminated. Hunting and trade of wild animals and commercially valuable plants are still going on.As a result, thousands of plant and animal species are
heading towards extinction. In the light of the above mentioned facts we can say that India’s environment is at great risk. It must be saved at all cost.

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Q.5 What is Joint Forest Management programme? Write a short note on it.
Ans. Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme involves local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. The programme came into being in 1988 when the state of Orissa passed the first resolution for joint forest management. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return, the members of these communities are given right to intermediary benefits such as non-timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested by ‘successful protection’.

Q.6 Describe the steps taken to conserve the flora and fauna of the country.
Ans. 1. Several conservation projects have been initiated. These projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components.
2. There is now a more intensive search for different conservation measures.
3. Even insects are beginning to find a place in conservation planning.
4. In the notification underWildlifeAct 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species.
5. In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Q.7 Classify different categories of existing plants and animal species based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Resources.
Ans. The existing plants and animals species, on the basis of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Resources, can be classified in the following way:
1. Normal Species: Species whose population is normal for their survival, such as cattle, sal, pine, rodents, etc.
2. Endangered Species: These are species which are in danger of extinction. For example black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brown antler deer in Manipur), etc.
3. Vulnerable Species: These are species whose population has decreased over a period of time and in danger of extinction. For example blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.
4. Rare Species: Species which are small in number and in danger of extinction if not been taken care of. For example brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hornbill, etc.
5. Endemic Species: These are species which are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh.
6. Extinct Species: These species have vanished from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic cheetah, pink head duckShorten with AI

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Q.8 Write briefly about the different types of forests in India.
Ans. Forests of the following types are found in India :
1. Reserved Forests: Reserved forests are the forests that are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned. More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests.
2. Protected Forests: This forest land is protected from any further depletion.Almost one-third of the Forest Department.
3. Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands that belong to both government and private individuals and communities. Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests constituting 75% of its total forest area. Jammu and Kashmir. Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamilnadu, West Bengal and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests of its total forest area. Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan have a bulk of it under protected forests. All north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests. Local communities manage these forests.Shorten with AI

Q.9 Humans are dependent on the ecological system for their existence. Explain.
Ans. As part of the ecological system human beings are dependent on it for their existence. For example:
(a) We breathe in air, drink water and grow crops in soil. These are the non-living components of the ecological system.
(b) On the other hand, plants, animals and other micro-organisms recreate the quality of these non-living components.

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

Q.10 Explain any three adverse effects of the destruction of forests and wildlife ?
Ans. Three adverse effects of the destruction of forests and wildlife.
(a) Destruction of forests and wildlife leads to disturbances in ecological balance of the environment.
(b) It also affects the cultural loss of communities and their displacement.
(c) It also disturbs food chain, ecosystem and development of the society.

Q.11 Enumerate the various factors for the decline of India’s biodiversity.
Ans. Factors for the decline of India’s biodiversity are:
(a) Agricultural expansion after independence leading to the decline of forest area.
(b) Tribal belts in northern and central India have been deforested or degraded due to shifting cultivation.
(c) Development projects like dams and infrastructural projects have led to the loss of forests.
(d) Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, overexploitation, environmental pollution and forest fires are the major threats to biodiversity.

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

ASSIGNMENT – 3  (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

SECTION – A

Fill in the blanks :
1. Beej BachaoAndolan has been taken up in ______ Uttaranchal.
2. In ______Tiger reserve in Rajasthan villagers have faught against mining.
3. In 1991 ______ species of trees were added to the list of protected species.
4. ______ National Park have been set up for conserving one horned Rhino.
5. Indian wildlife protection Act was implemented in the year ______.
6. The species which are found in some particular areas______.
7. Project Tiger was launched in the year ______.
8. Bandhavgarh is a tiger reserve located in ______.
9. Planting of a single commercially valuable species is called ______.
10. Asiatic Cheetah is an example of species ______.
11. ______ plays a key role in the ecological system as these are also producers on which all organisms
depend.
12. ______, one of the well published wildlife compaigns in the world was launched in ______ year
13. Agricultural ______ is a major factor of forest depletionShorten with AI

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

SECTION – B

Multiple choice question with one correct answers:
1. Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?
(A) Agricultural expansion.               (B) Large scale development projects
(C) Grazingand fuel wood collection     (D) Rapidindustrilisation and urbanisation

2. Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
   (A) Joint forest management     (B) Chipko movement            (C) Beej BachaoAndolan           (D) Demarcation of wildlife sancturies
3. According to the forest survey of India how much forest area was converted into agricultural land all over India between 1951 to 1980.
   (A) 26,200 sq. km.         (B) 25,800 sq. km         (C) 24,500 sq. km        (D) 23,700 sq. km.
4. How many categories of species have been kept under the classification of IUCN?
   (A) 4             (B) 5                (C) 6               (D) 7

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

5. Forests and wastelands belonging to both government and privates individuals and communities is called
   (A) Reserved forests (B) Protected forests (C) Unclassed forests (D) None of the above
6. Which of these statements is not a valid reason for depletion of flora and fauna?
   (A) Agricultural expansion (B) Large scale developmental projects       (C) Grazingand fuelwood collection       (D) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation
7. Endemic species refers to
   (A) Species which are extinct          (B) Species which are declining          (C) Species which are confined to sepcific areas only       (D) None of the above

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

8. Periyar Tiger reserve is located in
   (A) Rajasthan (B) Uttar Pradesh (C) Tamil Nadu (D) Kerala
9. Which one of the following is not a resource from forest and wildlife?
   (A) Plastics (B) Wood (C) Wool (D) Medicinal herbs
10. Which group of people in India are responsible for maximum ecological destruction?
    (A) Richest 5 percent           (B) Poorest 25 percent            (C)Tribal communities        (D) Slum dwellers
11. Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented mainly to
    (A) Protect certain animals
    (B) Protect the remaining population of certain endangered species
    (C) Protect the tigers
    (D) Protect aquatic animals

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

12. The hunting and trade of which animals have has not been given full or partial legal protection in India?
    (A) Indian lion (B) Indian elephant       (C) Black buck (Chinkara)        (D) Great Indian bustard (Godawan)
13. The forests belonging to both government and private individuals and communities are called_______.
    (A) Protected Forests (B) Open Forests (C) Unclassed Forests (D) Reserved Forests
14. Which one of the following is a farmers’ movement initiated in Tehri?
    (A)Tehri Andolan (B) Beej Bachao Andolan
    (C) Appease Movement (D) Green Revolution

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

15. The main objective of Joint Forest Management programme is
    (A) Involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests
    (B) Involving rich people in conservation of forests
    (C) Involving backward communities to conserve wildlife.
    (D) None of the above
16. What is the name given to the forests of God and Goddesses?
    (A) Sacred Garden (B) Sacred Groves (C) Sacred Park (D) Sacred Orchards
17. Which states in India has the highest percentage of unclassed forests?
    (A) Northern states (B) North eastern states
    (C) States of peninsular India (D) None of above

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

18. Which one of the following statements is not true with regard to depletion of flora and fauna?
    (A) Land required for housing (B) Agricultural expansion
    (C) Mining activities (D) Shifting agriculture
19. Which one of the following is not a reason for environment destruction?
    (A) Global warming (B) Unequal access
    (C) Over population (D) Inequitable consumption of resources
20. In which of the following states has the Joint Forests Management started?
    (A)Tamil Nadu (B) Orissa (C) Himachal Pradesh (D) Arunachal Pradesh

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

21. Flora refers to
    (A) Animal kingdom (B) Plant kingdom (C) Insects (D) Flowers
22. Species which are no longer found on the earth are called
    (A) Normal Species (B) Vulnerable Species
    (C) Rare Species (D) Extinct Species
23. The state having highest percentage of protected forest is
    (A) Punjab (B)Tamil Nadu (C)Uttar Pradesh (D) Jammu and Kashmir

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

SECTION-C

Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers :
1. Two countries which are the prime targets for poaching and hunting of tigers.
(A) India (B) Nepal (C) Bhutan (D) Bangladesh

2. Which of the following species fall in the category of ‘critical’
   (A) Rodents (B) Cheetah (C) Mountain quail (D) Black buck

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

3. Maximum forest depletion due to ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture have occured in –
   (A) Western India (B) North East India (C) Central India (D) South India
4. Which of the following are the tiger reserve of India
   (A) Bandhwagarh, M.P. (B) Periyar, kerala
   (C) Bharatpur, Rajasthan (D) Hangul, J & K
5. Trees worshiped by Mundas and Santhals of Chota Nagpur regions are –
   (A) Peepal (B) Mahua (C) Neem (D) Kadamba

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

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WATER RESOURCES

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: What is hydrological cycle?
Solution: Continuous circulation of water between hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere, in which water changes its physical state is called hydrological cycle.

Example 2: Name the largest artificial lake built in the 11th century.
Solution: Bhopal lake.

Example 3: What is hectare meter?
Solution: The total volume of water standing in a depth of one meter over a level area of one hectare of land. It is used as a unit to measure water reserves.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Example 4: Define inundation canals?
Solution: Those canals which are active in rainy season to transfer the surplus water to deficient areas.

Example 5: What are irrigation canals or peremial canal?
Solution: Those canals which draw water from a water body like rivers and supply the same for irrigation in the fields.

Example 6: How can we define perrinial river?
Solution: Those rivers which have water supply throught the year.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Example 7: What is the difference between the surface water and ground water?
Solution: Surface water means the water which is available on the surface of the earth like pounds, lakes, rivers, tanks etc. Ground water is the water present in the subsoil. It is entracted by digging well and tube wells.

Example 8: Name two rainwater harvesting structures built in Rajasthan.
Solution: Khadians and Johads.

Example 9: Which state of India is considered to be the driest due to poor precipitation.
Solution: Rajasthan

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Example 10: What is irrigation?
Solution: Artificial means of supplying water to farm lands in the form of canals, wells, tube wells and tanks is called irrigation.

Example 11: What do the people in Rajasthan do to beat the summer heat?
Solution: They have built underground rooms adjoining the tanks. The tanks keep the room cool.

Example 12: Name the village in Karnataka which has earned a rare distinction of being rich in rainwater.
Solution: Gendathur

Example 13: Why has bamboo drip irrigation system been installed in Meghalaya?
Solution: It has been installed to tap spring and stream water by using bamboo pipes

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

ASSIGNMENT – 1  (NCERT QUESTIONS)

Q.1 Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
Ans. All of our drinking water comes from two sources–groundwater (underground aquifers) and surface water (lakes, rivers, streams). These sources get renewed through the water cycle. That is how water keeps moving between atmosphere and the earth. This is termed as hydrological cycle. The circulation and conservation of earth’s water is called the “hydrologic cycle”.

Q.2 What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
Ans. Water scarcity or water stress occurs when water availability is not enough to match the demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population and consequent greater demand for water and unequal access to it.Acountry with a high industrial demand or which depends on large scale irrigation will
therefore be more likely to experience times of scarcity than a country without such demands.

Q.3 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.
Ans. Advantages of multi-purpose river projects. They not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. For example, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of
water with flood control.
Disadvantages. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to
migrate, especially for spawning. Reservoir screated on the flood plains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Q.4 Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semiarid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
Ans. Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other part of Rajasthan. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally have underground tankas or tanks for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were connected to the sloping roofs of the house through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground ‘tankas’.
In western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on decline because of the perennial Rajasthan canal.This canal provides plenty of water. Despite this, some houses still maintain the tanks since they do no like the taste of tap water.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Q.5 Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
Ans. Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting being carried out to conserve and store water are:
1. Roof top rainwater Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55km from Shilong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the state capital Shillong faces acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rainwater harvesting structure.
2. Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
3. In many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adopted to store and conserve water. In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore. Karnataka, villagers have installed in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare dinstinction of being rich in rainwater.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

ASSIGNMENT – 2  (SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

Q.1 On what different bases are dams classified?
Ans. Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height.
1. Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes.
2. As per the height, dams can be classified as large dams and major dams or alternatively as low dams, medium height dams and high dams.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Q.2 What are the major causes of deterioration of water quality or water pollution in India?
Ans. The quality of the surface water and ground water decreases due to:
1. Foreign matters such as micro-organisms, chemicals, industrial and other wastes.
2. Discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater from cities and towns without treatment in rivers and lakes.
3. Excessive use of fertilisers, insecticides, and pesticides in agricultural fields.
4. Seepage of these pollutants underground.

Q.3 What can be the effects of over-exploitation and excessive use of water resources?
Ans. Over-utilisation and mismanagement of water resources may cause:
(i) Serious health hazards
(ii) Shortage of availability of food which may adversely affect food securityin the country.
(iii) Our livelihoods and productive activities may be affected.
(iv) Degradation of our natural ecosystems.
(v) Depletion of water resources.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Q.4 What is the need of rainwater harvesting?
Ans. Rainwater harvesting is carried out to conserve and store water. This method reduces water scarcity. In various regions of India rainwater harvesting system is being adopted to meet the ever-growing water needs. Realising its importance the Tamil Nadu government has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all houses across the state.

Q.5 Why are dams now referred to as multi-purpose projects?
Ans. A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. Earlier dams were built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later to irrigate agricultural fields. But today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity
generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Therefore, dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects.A multipurpose project is a large scale hydro project often including dams for water retention, canals for irrigation, water processing and pipe lines to supply water to cities and power generation.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Q.6 Why did Jawaharlal Nehru proclaim the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’?
Ans. It was said so by Jawaharlal Nehru because multi-purpose projects (dams) accelerated the growth of agriculture, industrialisation and urban economy. Other advantages of constructing dams / multipurpose projects are
(i) They eliminateor reduce flooding.
(ii) Provide water for agriculture.
(iii) Provide water for human and industrial consumption.

(iv) Help to prevent flooding.
(v) Provide lake fisheries.
(vi) Provide electric power or cooling for nuclear power plants.
(vii) Improve transportation

Q.7 Write a short note Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement.
Ans. Narmada BachaoAndolan or Save Narmada Movement is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) that activated tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists to fight against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Naramada river in Gujarat. This was initiated to save trees from getting destroyed due to building of dam and toget full rehabilitation facilities from the government
for the displaced people.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Q.8 Mention some major causes of water scarcity.
Ans. Water Scarcity or water stress occurs when water availability is not enough to match the demand for water. It is caused byan increase in population and consequent greater demands for water and unequal access to it. A country with a high industrial demand or which depends on largescale irrigation will therefore be more likely to experience times of scarcity than a country without such demands. Some of the major causes of water scarcity:
1. Overexploitation. Most of the houses and farms have their own private groundwater pumping devices which allows them easy access to consume water at their wall. This eventually leads to over exploistation of water resources, thus leading to depletion of underground water reservoir. Water is not only used for domestic purposes but also to produce more food. To increases foodgrain production, water resources are being over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.
2. Deteriorating Quality. Pollution by domestic and industrial waste is harming the quality of clean water. As a result even areas with abundant water are facing acute shortage of water. Water is polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus making it unsafe for human use.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

3. Adverse Effect of Economic Development. Increased business activity is further putting pressure on scarce water resources. Many industries are exploiting water resources to the maximum.
   4. Hydroelectric power. 22% of total electricity produced in India is through hydroelectric power. This creates additional pressure on water resources.
   5. River Pollution. India’s rivers have got polluted to such an extent that they have turned into toxic streams. It’s all due to population growth, agricultural modernsation, urbanisation and industrialisation.
   6. Unequal distribution and availability of water resources.The distribution and availability of water resources is unequal in space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.

Q.9 Why is the construction of multi-purpose projects and large dams opposed by many people?
Ans. In recent years, multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition for a variety of reasons:
1. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream bead sand poorer habitats for the river’ aquatic life. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

2. Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinisation of the soil.
   3. The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
   4. Resistance to multi-purpose projects and large dams has been primarily due to the large-scale displacement of local communities. Local people often have to give up their land, livelihood and control over resources for the greater good of the nation.
   5. The landowners and big farmers industrialists and few urban centres are benefited out of this.
   6. It has transformed the social landscape,i.e.increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.
   7. Dams create conflicts among the people. For instance in Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot, over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
   8. Inter-state water disputes are also becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the multi-purpose project.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Q.10 ‘Three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water but there is still scarcity of water across the globe.’ Explain giving three reasons.
Ans. Water scarcityis due to the following reasons.
(a) Water availability varies over space and time mainly due to variation in seasonal and annual precipitation.
(b) Rapid urbanization is another factor for water scarcity.
(c) Rapid increase in population that demand more and more water.
(d) Industrialization is another cause. Large industrial houses are using more and more water. They also require inore water to generate electricity.
(e) Rising income levels also create more demand for water.
(f) 96.5 percent of the total volume of world’s water is estimated to exist as oceans and only 2.5 percent as fresh water. Nearly 70 per cent of this freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers, while a little less than 30 percent is stored as groundwater in the world’s aquifers.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

Q.11 Mention a negative effect of irrigation. How can irrigation transform the social landscape?
Ans. Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of manyregions with farmers shifting to cultivation of water intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences. It leads to waterlogging and consequent salinization of the soil. This is a negative effect of irrigation.As rich farmers have better access to irrigation they have earned more money due to the production of commercial crops. On the other hand, the landless poor who could not avail of its benifits have become poorer.Thus, irrigation has transformed the social landscape byincreasing the social gap between rich landowners and the landless poor farmers.

Q.12 Describe any three hydraulic structures of ancient India.
Ans. Three examples of hydraulic structures of ancient India are as under:
(a) Water harvesting system was built in the first century BCnear Allahahad for channelling the flood waters of the Ganga.
(b) During the times of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were constructed.
(c) Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of that time, was built in the 11th century.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

ASSIGNMENT – 3  (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

SECTION-A

1. I) Fill in the blanks
   The primary source of water on the earth is _________ that comes in the form of rain and snowfall.
   2. _______ are the main source of surface water.
   3. India receives 75% to 90% of its rainfall from the ________ monsoon.
   4. Nearly70% of the ________ occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and the Mountain
   regions of the world.
   5. On the basis of __________ rivers are divided into himalayan and peninsular rivers.
   6. Areawise before 1951 only ________ million hectares of land was under irrigation.
   7. 1 metre of water standing on a hectare of levelled land is called ______________ .
   8. The state with highest area under irrigation is __________ .
   9. __________ is known as river of sorrow.
   10. A 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water prevalent in Meghalaya is known as
   __________
   11. __________ project in Orissa in an example of multi-purpose project.
   12. In flood plains of West Bengal people developed __________ to irrigate their fields.
   13. Narmada BachaoAndolan is a movement created against __________.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

SECTION-B

1. II) Multiple choice question with one correct answers
   The minimum demand for water is for
   (A) Industries (B) Animal husbandry (C) Household Needs (D) Irrigation
2. Canal irrigation is most common in
   (A) Northern Plains (B) Peninsular regions
   (C) Eastern coastal plains (D) Western coastal plains
3. Rajasthan is the benificiary of
   (A) Narmada Valley project (B) Hirakud project
   (C) Nagarjunsagar project (D) Tehri project

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

4. Who claimed multipurpose river valley projects ‘ new temples of modern India’.
   (A) Mahatma Gandhi (B) Sardar Patel (C) Jawaharlal Nehru (D) Indira Gandhi
5. Sunderlal Bahuguna is associated with
   (A) Narmada BachaoAndolan (B) Tehri DamAndolan
   (C) Caveri Water dispute (D) Linking of Rivers
6. The first multi-purpose project of India was
   (A) Sivasamudram (B) Damodar Valley (C) Hirakud (D) Rajasthan Canal

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

7. Hirakud dam is located in which one of the following states?
   (A)Andhra Pradesh (B) West Bengal (C) Orissa (D)Tamil Nadu
8. What percentage of the global precipitation is received in India?
   (A) 2 percent (B) 5 percent (C) 4 percent (D) 10 percent
9. The total renewable water resources of India is estimated to be
   (A) 1900 sq.km/annum (B) 2895 sq.km/annum
   (C) 2000 sq.km/annum (D) 1897 sq.km/annum

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

10. Water scarcity is a serious problem in recent years mainly in
    (A) Cities (B) Rural areas (C) Deserts (D) Mountains
11. Which of the following states has made roof top harvesting compulsory?
    (A) Karnataka (B) Kerala (C) Tamil Nadu (D) Maharashtra

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

12. Which of the following Indian rivers are the most polluted?
    (A) Ganga andYamuna (B) Ganga and Indus
    (C) Godavari and Krishna (D) Kosi and Damodar
13. Which one of the following statements is incorrect as regards to opposition against multi purpose projects.
    (A) Regulating and damming of rivers affected the natural flow
    (B) It has caused interstate river water disputes
    (C) It has increased the social gap between the rich land owners and the landless poor
    (D) They are successful in meeting many objectives.

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

14. On which of the following rivers is the Salal Project located?
    (A)Luni (B) Satluj (C)Jhelum (D) Chenab

SECTION-C

• Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
  1. Based on structure and material used dams are classified as
  (A) Embankment (B)Timber (C) Multipurpose (D) Major

2. Most of the well and tubewell are found in
   (A) Jammu and Kashmir (B) Gujarat
   (C) Bihar (D)Tamil Nadu

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

3. Area reciving low rainfall because of being situated in rain shadow area
   (A) Vidarbh – Marathwara (B) Western Rajasthan
   (C) Meghalaya (D) Chattisgarh
4. Availability of water for use in India is inadequate because
   (A) High evaporation rate (B) Rapid run off
   (C) Floods (D) Low precipitation
5. Sources of surface water
   (A) Rainfall (B) Snow melt (C)Tubewell (D)Transpiration

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

SECTION – D

WATER RESOURCES

For More :-

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

 ప్రత్యక్ష దైవాలు | Pratyaksha Daivalu |

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

 ప్రత్యక్ష దైవాలు | Pratyaksha Daivalu |

Batuku Gampa | బతుకు గంప |

Class 9 Economy for DSC | Food Security in India

Class 9 New Maths | Triangles

Triganometry | Class 10

Atomic Structure

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES_Class10 Social_Science

Example 1: What is the full form of KCC?
Answer: Kisan Credit Cards

Example 2: Name the type of farming in which crops are grown using primitive tools.
Answer: Primitive Subsistence farming

Example 3: Why jute is loosing market now a days?
Answer: Jute is loosing market because of high cost in comparison to synthetic fibres

Example 4: What is sericulture?
Answer: The art of rearing silk worm to obtain silk fibre from cocoons.

Example 5: Intensive subsistence farming is practised in which area?
Answer: Intensive subsistence farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land. It is also called labourintensive farming.

Example 6: Which term is used for grouping of small landholdings with bigger ones?
Answer: The term used for grouping of smalll and holdings with bigger ones is consolidation of land holdings.

Example 7: Which state of India is the largest producer of groundnut?
Answer: Andhra Pradesh

Example 8: Name the crop in which India is the largest producer and consumer.
Answer: India is the largest producer and consumer of the pulses in the world.

Example 9: Which products are obtained from sugar cane?
Answer: Sugar, Gur (Jaggary), Khandsari and molasses

Example 10: Which crop needs almost a year to grow?
Answer: Sugarcane

Example 11: What is the rearing of silkworms called?
Answer: Rearing of silkworms is called sericulture.

Example 12: What is White Revolution related to?
Answer: White Revolution is related to the production of milk. It is also called Operation Flood.

Example 13: Name any two schemes introduced by the government to benefit farmers.
Answer: Kissan Credit Cards (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).

ASSIGNMENT – 1  (NCERT QUESTIONS)

Q.1 (i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown in a large area?
(A) ShiftingAgriculture (B) Plantation Agriculture
(C) Horticulture (D) IntensiveAgriculture

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabbi crop?
(A) Rice (B) Gram (C) Millets (D) Cotton

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(A) Pulses (B) Jowar (C) Millets (D) Sesamum

(iv) Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop?
(A) Maximum support price (B) Minimum support price
(C) Moderate support price (D) Influential support price
Ans. (i) (B), (ii) (A), (iii) (A), (iv) (B)

AGRICULTURE – Best Notes for 2024

Q.2 Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
Ans. Tea is an important beverage crop. Geographical conditions required for its growth:
(a) The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
(b) It needs deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
(c) Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
(d) Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

Q.3 Name one of staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Ans. Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. It grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan

Q.4 Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.
Ans. The institutional reforms introduced by the government for the benefit of the farmers are:
(a) Collective farming was introduced. In this method fields of several farmers are joined together and members-owners engage jointly in farming activities.
(b) Land holding were consolidated. Fragmented lands due to inheritance were again consolidated into single unit to increase its economic viability.
(c) Zamindari system was abolished. The abolition of Zamindari system was a boon for the framers who were relived from the exploitation of the landlords. Now the farmers themselves were the owners of their land. They were no more bonded labourers.
(d) In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated which included both institutional and technical reforms.
Ÿ Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
Ÿ Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at low rates of interest.
Ÿ Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy purchase of inputs.
Ÿ PersonalAccident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced for the benefit of the farmers.
Ÿ Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
Ÿ The minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

Q.5 The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?
Ans. If land under cultivation is reduced day by day, we will be facing these consequences.
(a) Less land under cultivation would directly affect the quality of food crops. The quantity of food crops would cause food insecurity in the country.
(b) If land under cultivation is less, farmers will use more and more chemical fertilisers and biotechnology in order to get maximum yield. This will degrade the quality of the land.

Q.6 Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
Ans. Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernise agriculture.
Ÿ Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
Ÿ Establishment of agricultural universities.
Ÿ Establishment of veterinary services and animal breeding centres.
Ÿ Development of horticulture.
Ÿ Research and development were done in the field of meteorology and weather forecast.
Ÿ The rural infrastructure as improved.
Ÿ In 1960s and 1970s two most important reforms were introduced. The Green Revolution and related technologies were introduced such as use of HYV of seed, fertilisers, modern machinery and inputs.The White Revolution (Operation Flood) was introduced to increase milk production.
Ÿ Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
Ÿ Establishment ofGrameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
Ÿ Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy purchase of inputs.
Ÿ PersonalAccident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced for the benefit of the farmers.
Ÿ Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
Ÿ The minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to cheek the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

Q.7 Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Ans. Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. It is kharif crop. It requires high temperature (above 25°C). It requires high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the
help of irrigation. Rice is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of
Rajasthan.

ASSIGNMENT – 2  (SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)

Q.1 State any three characteristics of primitive subsistence farming.
Ans. Following are the characteristics primitive subsistence farming:
(a) In this type of farming farmers grow crops for self consumption. This type of farming is still practised in few pockets of India.
(b) It is practised on small patches of land.
(c) Farmers use primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
(d) Only family/community labour is used for farming.
(e) This type of farming depends up on natural conditions such as monsoon, natural fertilityofthesoil and suitable conditions for the crops.
(f) It is also known as slash and burn agriculture.
(g) Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer do not use fertilisers or other modern inputs.

Q.2 Write two main features of wetland farming.
Ans. Wetland farming is practised in high rainfall and irrigated areas. Important crops grown in these areas are rice, sugarcane and vegetables. In wetland farming at least two crops are raised in a year.

Q.3 Explain ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
Ans. (a) Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain themselves.
(b) When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land to cultivate.
(c) Drypaddy, maize, millets, vegetables are commonly grown in this type of farming.

Q.4 What is plantation agriculture?
Ans. (a) It is a bush or tree farming used for commercial purpose.
(b) It is capital intensive.
(c) Requires technical know how, so phisticated-machinery, fertilisers, irrigation and transport facility.

AGRICULTURE – Best Notes for 2024

Q.5 State any three characteristics of intensive subsistence farming.
Ans. This type of farming is practised in areas of high density of population where pressure of population is high on agricultural land.
(a) It is labour-intensive farming,
(b) High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
(c) Farm size is small and uneconomical due to the division of land.
(d) The farmers take maximum output from the limited land.
(e) Farmers do not have any alternative source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.

Q.6 State the objectives of Indian food security policy.
Ans. (a) To ensure availability of food grain to the common man at an affordable price.
(b) To enable the poor to have access to food.
(c) To enhance growth in agriculture production and increase support price for stock procurement and maintenance of rice and wheat stock.

Q.7 What are three cropping seasons of India? Explain any one in brief.
Ans. India has the following three cropping seasons:
(a) Rabi (b) Kharif (c) Zaid
(a) Rabi season: Crops sown in winter from October to December. Harvested in summer from April to June. Main crop-wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard
(b) Kharif season: Crops grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country. Harvested in September-October. Main crops- Maize, jawar, bajra, cotton, Soya been
(c) Zaid crops: Crops sown between rabbi and kharif seasons. Main crops: Watermelon, Muskmelon, cucumber, fodder etc.

Q.8 Differentiate between dry land and wetland farming?
Ans. (a) Dryland farming is also known as rain-fed farming whereas wetland farming is called irrigated farming.
(b) Dryland farming is practised in areas where there are no irrigation facilities whereas wetland farming is practised in areas which experience heavy rainfall.
(c) In dryland farming, crops which need less water like jowar, bajra, pulses are grown whereas in wetland farming crops like rice, sugar cane, vegetables are cultivated.

Q.9 Describe any four ways through which Indian agricultural products can easily face global competition.
Ans. Ways through which Indian agricultural products can face global competition:
(a) Use of bio-technology
(b) Make better use of favourable climate and soil conditions.
(c) Development of infrastructure like roads, electricity, irrigation, credit facilities to farmers.
(d) Creation of unrestricted unified national market for farm products within the country.
(e) Develop techniques which the developed countries have been using.
(f) Use potential of agriculture in a systematic and planned manner.

Q.10 What are millets? Why are millets very important crops of India?
Ans. Millets are coarse grains like ragi, bajra and jowar.
Millets are very important crops of India because of the following reasons:
(a) They are highly nutritious. Ragi isrich in iron, calcium and roughage.
(b) They can be grown in rain fed areas and hardly needs irrigation.

Q.11 What are the challenge faced by Indian farmers?
Ans. (a) Indian farmers are facing a challenge from international competition.
(b) Subsidy on fertilisers has decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
(c) Reduction in import duties on agricultural products.
(d) Reduction in public investment in agriculture sector in the form of irrigation,power, roads, market and mechanisation.
(e) Farmers are dragging away their investment from agriculture causing down fall in the employment in agriculture.

Q.12 Name the pulses grown in India along with the geographical conditions required.
Ans. Pulses
(a) India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
(b) These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
(c) Major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.
(d) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
(e) Being leguminous crops, all these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops.
(f) Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Q.13 Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British in India. Explain the geographical conditions needed for its cultivation. Write two important states where it is grown.
Ans. Tea was introduced by the British in India. It is a beverage crop
(a) The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical conditions, with deep and fertile well drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
(b) Tea bushes require warm, moist and frost-free climate all through the year.
(c) Frequent showers, evenly distributed over the year, ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.
(d) Major tea producing states are Assam and West Bengal(hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts).

AGRICULTURE – Best Notes for 2024

Q.14 Why do you think Kerala is the largest producer of rubber in India?
Ans. Kerala lies in the tropical region and has ideal geographical and climatic conditions for growing rubber. The climatic conditions required for growing rubber are moist and humid climate, with rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature above 25°C. It is an equatorial crop best suited for Kerala.

ASSIGNMENT – 3  (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

SECTION-A

• Fill in the blanks
  1. Agriculture is a___________activity, which engage ___________of the population.
  2. Farming varies from ___________to ___________type.
  3. ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture name is given to ___________agriculture
  4. The ‘right to inheritence’ has rendered the land holding size___________.
  5. The ___________season lies between Rabi and Kharif season.
  6. ___________ is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
  7. The slash and burn agriculture is known as ___________ in the north-eastern states of India.
  8. The Golden fibre of India is ___________.
  9. ___________ is a programme introduced by the Government that has resulted in increased production of food grains.
  10. Rearing of silkworms to produce and consumer of ___________ in the world.

SECTION-B

• Multiple choice question with one correct answers
  1. The precentage of India’s population depending on agriculture for livelihood is about.
  (A) 50% (B) 60% (C) 66% (D) 75%

2. The proportion of net sown area of geographical area is lowest in
   (A) Uttaranchal (B)Andhra Pradesh (C) Himachal Pradesh (D)Arunachal Paradesh
3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of subsistence farming?
   (A)Smallland holdings
   (B) Use of primitive tools
   (C) Consumption of food production bythe farmer’s family
   (D) Huge capital investment
4. The type of farming that depends on irrigation facilities, use of fertilizers and pesticides on a large scale, and high- yielding variety of seeds is :
   (A)Shifting agriculture (B) Plantation agriculture
   (C) Intensive farming (D)Wetland farming
5. Which of the following statements about the agriculture seasons called kharif and rabiis NOT CORRECT?
   (A) Kharif seasons begins with the onset of monsoons and the crops are harvested in late spring.
   (B) Kharif seasons begins with the onset of monsoons and the crops are harvested in autumn.
   (C) Rabi seasons begins in autumn after the rains and the crops are harvested in late spring.
   (D) Important kharif crops are rice, millets, maize, jute nd cotton; important rabi crops are wheat, gram, barley and linseed
6. The favourable climatic conditions for the cultivation of rice are:
   (A) rainfall below 100 cm, temperature below 25°C.
   (B) rainfall above 100 cm, temperature below 25°C.
   (C) rainfall below 100 cm, temperature below 28°C.
   (D) rainfall below 100 cm, temperature above 28°C.
7. A few showers of rain during the month of December and January are beneficial to the rabi crops because they.
   (A) provide mositure for the germination of seeds
   (B) cause the temperature to fall further
   (C) protect the crops from frost
   (D) make the plants grow strong
8. A fertile well-drained soil, warm climate, and a moderate supply of moisture is required for the production of
   (A) cotton (B) coffee (C) jute (D) rice
9. Which one of the following states is not a major tobacco producer?
   (A) Kerala (B) Gujarat (C)Andhra Pradesh (D) Uttar Pradesh
10. Institutional reforms that helped Green Revolution do not include:
    (A) consolidation of small land holding (B) rural banking
    (C) abolition of zamindari system (D) use of fertilizers and pesticides
11. Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?
    (A)Shifting Agriculture (B)Plantation Agriculture
    (C) Horticulture (D) IntensiveAgriculture
12. Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
    (A) Rice (B)Millets (C) Gram (D) Cotton
13. Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
    (A) Pulses (B) Millets (C) Jawar (D) Sesamum
14. Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop?
    (A) Maximum support price (B) Minimum support price
    (C) Moderate support price (D) Influential support price
15. Jhumming refers to
    (A) Primitive subsitence farming in Brazil
    (B) ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture in North-eastern states of India.
    (C) Primitive farming in Malaysia
    (D) Commercial farming in Punjab.
16. Bhoodan–Gramdan movement was initiated by
    (A) Mahatma Gandhi (B) Jawahar lal Nehru
    (C) Vinobha Bhave (D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
17. India is the leading producer and exporter of ___________ in the world.
    (A) Rubber (B) Sugar cane (C) Tea (D) Rice
18. Rearing of silkworms is called as
    (A)Pisciculture (B)Agriculture (C)Silviculture (D) Sericulture
19. Yellow revolution refers to
    (A) Increased production of eggs (B) Increased production of oilseeds
    (C) Increased production of fish (D) Increased production of pulses
20. Cultivation of fruits and vegetables is called
    (A)Floriculture (B) Sericulture (C) Horticulture (D)Agriculture

SECTION-C

• Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
  1. Rice varieties produced in West Bangalore?
  (A)Aus (B)Aman (C) Bor (D) Basmati

2. Rice cultivation depends on irrigation for cultivation in
   (A)Assam (B) West Bengal (C) Punjab (D) West UP
3. Major plantation crops of India are
   (A) Sugar cane (B) Rubber (C)Arhar (D) Tomato
4. Largest producer of sugar cane in the world
   (A) China (B) India (C) Brazil (D) USA
5. Apple is a major produce of
   (A) Uttar pradesh (B) Himanchal Pradesh (C) Sikkim (D) J & K

AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURE – Best Notes for 2024

For More :-

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

 ప్రత్యక్ష దైవాలు | Pratyaksha Daivalu |

FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

 ప్రత్యక్ష దైవాలు | Pratyaksha Daivalu |

Batuku Gampa | బతుకు గంప |

Class 9 Economy for DSC | Food Security in India

Class 9 New Maths | Triangles

Triganometry | Class 10

Atomic Structure

WATER RESOURCES – Best Notes for 2024

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT ( Best Notes for 2024 )

Example 1 : How can the resources be classified on the basis of origin and exhaustibility?

Solution :  (i) Classification of resources on the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic.
(ii) Classification of resources on the basis of exhaustibility– renewable and non-renewable.

Example 2: What are individual resources? Give two examples.

Solution: The resources which are owned privately by individuals are called individual resources. For example, land owned by farmers, pasture land owned by individual etc.