RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT ( Best Notes for 2024 )

Example 1 : How can the resources be classified on the basis of origin and exhaustibility?

Solution :  (i) Classification of resources on the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic.
(ii) Classification of resources on the basis of exhaustibility– renewable and non-renewable.

Example 2: What are individual resources? Give two examples.

Solution: The resources which are owned privately by individuals are called individual resources. For example, land owned by farmers, pasture land owned by individual etc.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT ( Best Notes for 2024 )

Example 3: What are developed resources?

Solution: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation are termed ans developed resources. For example, coal, iron etc.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Example 4: Who owns the resources which do not belong to a particular nation?

Solution: Thereareinternationalinstitutionswhichownandregulatesomeresources.Theoceanicresources beyond 200 km of Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

Example 5: What does sustainable economic development mean?

Solution: Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise the needs of the future generation.

Example 6: What are international resources?

Solution: International resources are the resources which belong to all human race and cannot be used by any country without an agreement with international institutions.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT ( Best Notes for 2024 )

Example 7: Name the most widespread relief feature of India.
Solution: Plains are the most widespread relief feature of India. They form 43 percent of the land area.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Example 8: Which is the most widely spread and important soil in India? Which three river systems are responsible for the formation of this soil in the northern plains?

Solution: Alluvial soil is the most widely spread and important soil in India. The Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra river systems are responsible for the formation of alluvial soil in the northern plains.

Example 9: Name the crops grown in laterite soils along with the names of their states.

Solution: (i) Tea and coffee is grown in laterite soil in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Kerala.
(ii) Cashewnut is also grown in laterite soil in Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.

Example 10: Write any four features of arid soils

Solution: Four features of arid soils are as follows–
(i) Arid soils range from red to brown.
(ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
(iii) In some regions the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
(iv) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by ‘Kankar’ because of the increasing calcium content downwards.

Example 11: What are badlands?
Solution: Due to the formation of gullies, the land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as badland.

Example 12: What is a ravine?
Solution: Aravine is a deep narrow valley on earth’s surface formed by running water.

Example 13: What is sheet erosion?
Solution: Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large area down the slope. In such cases the top soil washes away. It is called sheet erosion.

Example 14: Which is a special feature of the sustainable development?
Solution: Development should take place without damaging the environment

ASSIGNMENT – 1  (NCERT QUESTIONS)

Q.1 Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it. [3]
Ans. Black soil is found in the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over north-west Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the south-east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. The soil is ideal for cotton cultivation.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.2 What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil. [3]
Ans. Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Three main features of this type of soil are :
1. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, Phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
2. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.
3. Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.

Q.3 What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas? [3]
Ans. In the hilly areas soil erosion can be controlled by
1. Ploughing across contour lines
2. Making use of terrace farming techniques
3. Using strips of gases to check erosion by wind and water.

Q.4 What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples. [3]
Ans. Biotic Resources. Resources that are obtained and biosphere and are living such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc. are called biotic resources.
Abiotic Resources. Resources that comprise non-living things such as rocks and metals are called abiotic resources.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.5 Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61? [4]
Ans. The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km.As per the land use data only 93% of the total geographical area is available. Of this 43.4% is the net sown area, forest cover is 22.6%, 4.4% is culturable waste, 7.03% is current fallow, 4% is covered by pastures and 1% is covered by tree crops.
The land under forests have increased over the years. The pattern of net sown areas varies greatly from one state to another. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952). The percentage of forest cover is needed to be increased for the maintenance of the ecological balance. The land under forest did not increase much since 1960-61 due to several reason like –
i) The improper use of land which has caused degradation of the available land area and made
conservation offorest difficult.
ii) The ever increasing illegal cutting of trees and forest cover to meet the needs of an increasing
population.
iii) Large scale development projects, industrialisation and urbanisation have reduced the forest
cover to a great extent.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.6 How have technical and economic development lead to more consumption of resources?
Ans. The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an inter-dependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. In this process,they consume resource more in quantity. This causes depletion of resources

ASSIGNMENT – 2  (NCERT QUESTIONS)

Q.1 List the problems caused due to indiscriminate use of resources by human beings.
Ans. Indiscriminate use of resources by human beings has led to economic, social and ecological problems.
The major problems that have arisen due to overexploitation, irrational consumption and indiscriminate use of resources are:
(a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few selfish individuals.
(b) Accumulation of resources in a few hands, which in turn, has led to social segregation into rich and poor. The society is divided into two segments, i.e., the haves and the have-nots.
(c) Indiscriminate and uncontrolled exploitation of resources without consideration for the future has ied to grave ecological problems like global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.2 Explain with the help of an example how a material becomes a resource.
Ans. Water is material. We use it for drinking and various domestic purpose like washing, bathing etc. It is also used in agriculture, industries and in production of electricity. Thus, water becomes a resource.

Q.3 Mention the problems of indiscriminate use of resources.
Ans. (i) The quantity of resources has reduced rapidly due to the greed of few individuals
(ii) Resources have accumulated in a few hands. This has divided the society into two segments
(a) the have and have nots
(b) the rich and poor
(iii) Careless use of resources has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environment pollution and land degradation.

Q.4 Mention the factors that are necessary for the development of any region?
Ans. The three factors necessary for the development of any region are
(i) Availability of resources
(ii) Corresponding changes in technology
(iii) Establishmentofinstitutions

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.5 Explain any three steps that can be taken to solve the problem of land degradation.
Ans. The following steps can be taken to solve the problem of land degradation.
(a) Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decelevate the flow of water down the slopes.
(b) Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut out on the slopes, making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
(c) Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind, reducing its effect

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.6 Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar. Name any two states where alluvial soils are found.
Ans. Differences between khadar and bangar:

Khadar soils 
(a) On the basis of age, these are new alluvial soils.
(b) These soils are fine and fertile.
(c) They are found in the lower reaches of river valleys.

Bangar soils

(a) On the basis of age, these are old alluvial soils.
(b) These soils are coarse and less fertile than Khadar soils.
(c) They are found in the upper reaches of river valleys.

Q.7 Mention any three feature of arid soils.
Ans. The following are the features of arid soils:
(a) Arid sods have colour ranging from red to brown.They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
(b) In some areas salt content is very high and common salt can be obtained by evaporating the water.
(c) Due to dry climate and high temperature, evaporation is faster and soil slack humus and moisture.
(d) The lower part of the soils is occupied by kankar because of calcium content.

Q.8 What type ofs oil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Ans. Alluvial soil
(a)It is very fertile
(b) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.
(c) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.9 Why is conservation of natural resources necessary? Give two reasons.
Ans. Conservation of natural resources is necessary because :
(a)They have great utility.
(b)They are available in limited quantity.
(c) They help us to create goods and provide services.
(d) They form the backbone of the economy of a nation.
(e) They maintain the potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generation.
(f)Theyaimatsustainable benefit to the present generation.

Q.10 Define the term ‘Human-made’ (cultural) resources’. Give two examples of these resources.
Ans. Human-made resources are resources created by human slike machines, buildings,monuments, etc.

Q.11 Why is it necessary to conserve our natural resources? Give two reasons.
Ans. It is essential to conserve our natural resources because :
(a)Inappropriate and reckless utilisation can deplete it.
(b) Over exploitation of resources can cause damage to the existing environment.
(c) Non-renewable resources like minerals, oil once used cannot be renewed.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.12 State four characteristics of natural resources.
Ans. Following are the characteristics of natural resources
(a)Resources have utility.
(b)They are normally available in limited quantity.
(c) They help us to create goods and provide services.
(d) Utility of a resource changes with the improvement in science and technology.

Q.13 Why is the planning of resources essential? Give to reason.
Ans. Planning of resources is essential because :
(a) Resource are limited. (b) Resources are unevenly distributed.

Q.14 What is soil erosion? Write two human activities that lead to soil erosion.
Ans. The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. Two human factors leading to soil erosion are:
(a) Deforestation: Due to heavy deforestation, soil erosion is increasing.
(b) Overgrazing: In many regions, people still practise grazing of cattle, goats and sheep. Gradually this leads to soil erosion.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.15 Explain the land use pattern of our county.
Ans. Forest – 22.57%
Area under non-agricultural use – 110%
Barren and wasteland – 6.29%
Permanent pastures and grazing land – 3.45%
Area under miscellaneous tree crops and groves – 3.82%
Culturable waste – 4.41%
Fallow other than current fallow – 7.92%
Current fallow – 7.03%
Net sown area – 4341%

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT ( Best Notes for 2024 )

Q.16 Which summit was convened to address urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level? Explain sustainable development in this
context.
Ans. The first International Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1992 was convened to discuss problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level. The members signed Agenda 21 for achieving sustainable development, in the 21st century. Agenda 21 aims a sustainable development to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operationon common interests. Its aim is not only to protect the present generation but also posterity.

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.17 Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources, giving five points of distinction.
Ans.

Renewable resources 
(a) These can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes.
(b) These get renewed over a short period of time.
(c) These get renewed over a short period of time.
(d) These are divided into continuous and flow.
(e) Examples: water, wind, forests, wildlife and soil.

Non-renewable resources

(a) These can be renewed or reproduced.
(b) These occur over a very long period of time.
(c) These limited in this availability and are exhaustible.
(d) These are divided into recyclable and recyclable.
(e) Examples: minerals and fossil fivels

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

ASSIGNMENT – 3  (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks
1. On the basis of status of development, resources are called potential, developed, ____________ and
reserves.
2. India has made efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning right from the _____________ 5 year
plan.
3. Total geographical area of India is ________________.
4. Soils in the drier area can be made productive after proper ________________ and _____________.
5. Red laterite soils in Tamilnadu & Kerala are more suitable for crops like ___________.

SECTION-B
 Multiple-choice question with one correct answer
1. Which one of the following types of resource is iron ore?
(A) Renewable (B) Flow (C) Biotic (D) Non-renewable

2. Under which of the following types of resources can tidal energy be put?
(A) Replenishable (B)Abiotic (C) Human-made (D) Non-recyclable

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

3. Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(A) Intensive cultivation (B) Over irrigation (C) Deforestation (D) Overgrazing

4. In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
(A) Punjab (B) Haryana  (C) Plains of Uttar Pradesh  (D) Uttaranchal

5. In which of the following states is black soil found?
(A) Jammu and Kashmir (B) Rajasthan (C) Gujarat (D) Jharkhand

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

6. Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore?
(A) Renewable (B) Biotic (C) Flow (D) Non-renewable

7. Soil formed by intense leaching?
(A) Alluvial soil (B) Red soil (C) Laterite soil (D) Desert

8. Method of growing long strips of grass between the crops refers to
(A) Contour ploughing (B) Terrace farming (C) Strip cropping (D) Crop rotation

9. Which of the following factors involves the transformation of things into a resource?
(i)Physical environment (ii)Technology
(iii)Humanbeings (iv)Institutions
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iii) (C) (i) and (iv) (D)All of above

10. The state having maximum net sown area in India is ________?
(A) Jammu and Kashmir  (B) Uttar Pradesh  (C) Tamil Nadu   (D) Punjab

11. Land left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year is called
(A) Culturable waste land  (B) Current fallow land  (C) Waste land   (D) Other than current fallow

12. Which of the following statement (s) is true for black soil?
(i) It has larger proportion of clay.
(ii) It can retain moisture for a long time
(iii) It develops cracks during summer which helps in aeration.
(iv) Cotton grows best in this soil.
(A) (i) and (ii)   (B) (iii) and (iv)   (C) (i) and (iv)   (D)All of the above

13. Red colour of soil is due to
(A) It is rich in humus    (B) It is rich in iron compounds     (C) It is derived from volcanic origin     (D) It is rich in potash.

14. The denudation of the soil cover and washing down of soil by various agents are known as.
(A) Weathering   (B) Gradation    (C) Soil erosion   (D) Soil conservation

15. Strip cropping refers to
(A) Growing of crops in long strips     (B) Growing of trees in long rows
(C) Growing of strips of grass in between the crops        (D) Ploughing along the contour lines.

16. Which one of the following statements is correct as regards to international resources?
(A) Resources which are regulated by international institutions.
(B) Resources which lie beyond the territorial waters
(C) Resources which are found along the international frontier.
(D) Resources which are not yet developed.

17. Which one of the following methods is ideal for controlling land degradation in coastal areas and in deserts.
(A) Strip cropping    (B) Coutour ploughing     (C) Planting of shelter belts    (D)Pluggingofgullies

18. Arid soils are less fertile as
(i) it lacks humus and moisture (ii) it has high salt content
(iii) it is sandy in nature (iv) it is rich in Iron
(A) (i) and (ii)    (B) (ii) and (iii)    (C) (iii) and (iv)    (D)All of the above

19. Ploughing along the contour lines can
(A) accelerate the flow of water.     (B) decelerate the flow of water
(C) accelerate the force of winds    (D) decelerate the force of winds.

20. Deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation in
(A) Jharkhand    (B) Orissa    (C) Rajasthan    (D) Punjab

21. Overgrazing is the major reason of land degradation in
(A) Rajasthan    (B) Punjab    (C) Orissa    (D) Gujarat

22. Other than northern plains, alluvial soils also extend in
(A)Andhra Pradesh    (B) Rajasthan    (C) Gujarat    (D) Kerala

23. Natural forces responsible for soil erosion are
(A) Wind    (B) Glacier    (C) Water    (D) None

24. Shelter belts have contributed significatlyto the stabilisation of
(A) Sanddunes   (B) Desert in western India   (C) Plains   (D) Plateaus

SECTION-C

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT ( Best Notes for 2024 )

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT ( Best Notes for 2024 )