Chapter-1: Nutrition in Plants

Nutrition in Plants

What is Nutrition?

• Nutrition is the mode of taking in food by an organism and its utilisation by the body.
• Nutrients in animal – These are the substances required by our body for its growth, repair, work and maintenance of the body. Different types of nutrients are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals etc. Our daily energy need may vary according to our occupation, age, sex and under some specific conditions.
• The nutrients present in the food help living organisms to build their body and to grow and repair damaged parts of the body.

Autotrophic

It is a mode of nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food. Inorganic molecules like CO₂ and H₂O are converted into organic molecules like carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

E.g. Green plants. Autotrophs are further categorized as:

• Photoautotrophs: Those which utilize sunlight for preparing their food e.g. green plants.
• Chemoautotrophs: Those which utilize chemical energy for preparing their food, e.g. Purple sulphur bacteria.

Photosynthesis

• Plants prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight and the green pigment chlorophyll by a process termed as photosynthesis.
• The process of photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, minerals, sunlight and chlorophyll.

• During photosynthesis, chlorophyll containing cells of leaves use carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight to synthesise carbohydrates along with the release of oxygen.
• Carbohydrates ultimately get converted to starch, and hence, the presence of starch in leaves indicates the occurrence of photosynthesis.

Importance of Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is a unique process where solar energy captured by leaves is stored as food in plants.
• The oxygen released in the atmospheric air during photosynthesis is useful because oxygen is required by all living beings including plants.

Synthesis of Plant food other than Carbohydrates

• The soil contains some nitrogen-fixing bacteria which convert gaseous nitrogen into a more usable form and release it into the soil.
• These bacteria are present in the root nodules of leguminous plants.
  Example: Rhizobium is usually found in the roots of gram, peas, moong and other legumes.
• The plants provide food and shelter to the bacteria, and in return, the bacteria fix nitrogen for the plants.

• Certain plants convert carbohydrate into oils and store them in seeds. Example: Sunflower seeds. The oil obtained from plant seeds is commonly known as vegetable oil.
• Vitamins made by plants are contained in vegetables, fruits and cereals.
• Plants combine some of the carbohydrate (made during photosynthesis) with nitrate minerals (obtained from soil) to make amino acids which are then made into proteins.

Other Modes of Nutrition in Plants

• Some plants lack chlorophyll and hence, are unable to prepare their own food. This type of nutrition is termed as heterotrophic nutrition. Examples: Humans and all animals.

Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition	Examples
Parasitic	Cuscuta plantIt does not have chlorophyll and consumes food prepared by other plants.
Insectivorous	Pitcher plantIt traps insects inside its pitcher and eats them.
Saprophytic	FungiThese organisms take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter. MushroomIt takes nutrition from rotting wood of a dead tree.
Symbiotic association	LichenLichens are a symbiotic association between algae and fungus.The fungus provides shelter, water and minerals to the alga, which in return provides food to the fungus.Algae contain chlorophyll and hence, are able toprepare food.

Replenishment of Nutrients in Soil

• Plants use nutrients available in the soil. Due to this, the amount of nutrients keeps declining in the soil.
• Fertilisers and manures which contain phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen etc. are constantly added to the soil from time to time to enrich the soil.
• Gardeners also use fertilisers in lawns and potted plants.
• Two common types of fertilisers are NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) and Urea.
• In addition, the association between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants provides nitrogen, and hence, farmers need not add nitrogen fertiliser to the soil where leguminous plants grow.

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